Interdisciplinary Journal of the African Alliance for Research, Advocacy and Innovation
The Interdisciplinary Journal of the African Alliance for Research, Advocacy and Innovation is a scholarly, peer reviewed publication dedicated to advancing interdisciplinary academic dialogue and knowledge generation on issues central to Africa’s development and global engagement. Established under the African Alliance for Research, Advocacy and Innovation, the journal provides a dynamic platform for researchers, policymakers, innovators, and practitioners to share critical insights and empirical evidence addressing Africa’s social, economic, political, environmental, and technological challenges. The journal promotes interdisciplinary scholarship by bringing together diverse fields including public policy, health sciences, education, technology, environmental studies, gender studies, economics, and the humanities. Its primary goal is to bridge the gap between theory and practice by encouraging collaborative research that translates into meaningful policy, innovation, and community impact. The journal particularly values submissions that highlight African led solutions to African problems, emphasizing indigenous knowledge systems, contextual innovation, and sustainable development. A defining feature of the journal is its strong commitment to research advocacy and innovation. Beyond the dissemination of academic findings, it seeks to demonstrate the practical relevance of research for policymaking, institutional transformation, and social progress. The journal actively welcomes contributions from both emerging and established scholars, especially those based in Africa or within the African diaspora, to ensure inclusive and representative scholarly engagement. Published quarterly, the Interdisciplinary Journal of the African Alliance for Research, Advocacy and Innovation upholds rigorous academic standards through a transparent double blind peer review process. All submissions are evaluated for originality, methodological rigor, ethical integrity, and real world relevance. By combining academic excellence with a focus on advocacy and innovation, the journal contributes significantly to strengthening Africa’s intellectual presence and advancing knowledge that supports sustainable development, resilience, and sovereignty in the global knowledge economy.
African Alliance for Research, Advocacy and Innovation
Targeting Neuro-inflammation with Herbal Compounds: An Emerging Strategy for Brain Disorder
Neuroinflammation has emerged as a key pathological feature underlying several brain disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and depression. The sustained activation of microglia and astrocytes leads to the excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative stress, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal loss. Conventional anti-inflammatory therapies often show limited efficacy in the central nervous system due to poor blood–brain barrier penetration and systemic side effects. In recent years, herbal compounds have gained attention as promising modulators of neuroinflammation owing to their multitargeted mechanisms, antioxidant properties, and favorable safety profiles. Phytochemicals such as curcumin, quercetin, naringenin, Ginkgo biloba, and ashwagandha exhibit potent neuroprotective actions by regulating pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK, and Nrf2, thereby reducing cytokine production andoxidative injury. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of neuroinflammation and explores how herbal compounds can counteract these processes to prevent or mitigate neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric conditions. It also discusses challenges in formulation, bioavailability, and clinical translation, highlighting the future potential of plant-based therapeutics as an emerging strategy for targeting neuroinflammation in brain disorders.
Technology, Innovation, and Environmental Studies
Indigenous Knowledge Systems, Naturopathy, and Alternative Medicine
Neuroinflammation, Neurodegenerative diseases, Herbal compounds, Oxidative stress, Microglial activation, Neuroprotection
Copyright (c) 2026 Sheikh Sarfat, Priyanka Chhabra, Imanshu (Author)
Smart Nanomaterials for Targeted Stem Cell Modulation: Safety, Efficacy and GMP Compliance
Smart nanomaterials have emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the therapeutic potential of stem cell based regenerative medicine. Among these, stimuli-responsive nanocarriers offer precise spatiotemporal control over drug delivery and cellular modulation by responding to specific biological or physicochemical triggers such as pH, temperature, enzymes, and redox gradients. These advanced systems improve stem cell homing, survival, differentiation, and immunomodulatory functions while minimizing systemic toxicity. Despite their significant advantages, concerns related to safety, including cytotoxicity, immunogenicity, biodistribution, and long-term toxicity, remain critical barriers to clinical translation. Furthermore, the integration of nanotechnology with stem cell therapy introduces additional complexity in manufacturing, requiring strict adherence to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards to ensure product quality, reproducibility, and safety. This review critically evaluates the design, mechanisms, efficacy, and safety of responsive nanocarriers for targeted stem cell modulation. It also examines current GMP requirements, regulatory challenges, and translational hurdles associated with these hybrid systems. Finally, future perspectives focusing on scalable manufacturing, standardized regulatory frameworks, and advanced biomimetic nanomaterials are discussed to accelerate clinical adoption.
Smart nanomaterials, Stem cell modulation, Responsive nanocarriers, Regenerative medicine, Nanotoxicity, GMP compliance
Copyright (c) 2026 Varun, Reema Garg, Navdeep Singh (Author)
Hydrogel materials are becoming an important tool in the field of pharmacology due to their high level of water content, biocompatibility, and the capability of entrapping a broad range of therapeutic agents. The amenable nature of their chemical structure of choice allows for effective regulation of drug loading and release via diffusion, swelling, degradation, and environmental stimulus responses, including pH, temperature, and ionic strength. Due to these properties, we can observe that hydrogels are intelligent and bio-responsible systems able to release drugs based on definite physiological requirements. The development of hydrogel-based systems is now being applied in oral, transdermal, ocular, injectable, and implantable delivery of drugs, and protein, peptide, and gene delivery. The emergent advances in polymer modification, nanotechnology, and crosslinking methodologies have resulted in hybrid and nanocomposite hydrogels with superior mechanical strength and tailored drug release profiles which makes the study in this field highly encouraging. Though mechanical stability, future sterilization problems, and even lack of biodegradability remain issues that curtail their translation to the clinic. These drawbacks demonstrate that, in the meantime, hydrogel cannot entirely substitute traditional systems of drug delivery. The future studies are hence directed towards establishing the hydrogel platforms that can be employed as therapy, diagnostic, and patient-specific systems. Through the current interdisciplinary efforts and technological advancements, there are high hopes for hydrogel and hydrogel-based drug delivery systems to be widely applicable in targeted and controlled drug delivery in the near future.
Hydrogels; Drug delivery systems, Controlled release; Biocompatibility; Stimuli-responsive polymers; Nanogels; Injectable hydrogels; Tissue engineering; Nanocomposite hydrogels; Biodegradability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pardeep Kumar Yadav, Anjali Goyal, Taranvirinderdeep Singh (Author)
Next-Generation Pharmacovigilance: The Role of AI and Machine Learning in Detecting and Managing Drug Risks
The increase in the size and complexity of drug safety information is increasingly pushing the traditional pharmacovigilance systems towards failure in timely detecting adverse drug reactions, as well as ineffective signal identification. Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence can bring revolutionary prospects to advance drug safety monitoring with its automated data processing, recognition of the patterns, and predictive analytics. The review focuses on the assessment of existing AI and ML uses, advantages, and drawbacks in pharmacovigilance. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were selected as the databases that underwent a systematic literature search of the publications published between 2020 and 2025 using the following key words: pharmacovigilance, AI, ML, ADRs, and drug safety monitoring. Relevant publications have been analysed to determine the important technological methods, regulatory factors, and barriers to the implementation. The AI-based systems show a high level of enhancement in ADR detection rates, signal control, and automatic processing of cases. The practicality of natural Text analysis for extraction safety data in unstructured clinical stories and social media and the ability of Ml-based models to improve predictive risk stratification were demonstrated. Deep-learning solutions have a specific potential in the use of electronic health records and real-world evidence. There are still issues of data standardization, transparency of the algorithms, compliance with the regulation, and the integration with the current workflows. The adoption should be accompanied by sound validation structures and alignment with changing regulatory rules in order to succeed.
Adverse drug reactions, clinical narrative, drug safety, Pharmacovigilance, signal detection.
Copyright (c) 2026 Viqaz Arshad, Sheikh Irshad Ul Haq, Shafkat Hussain Malik, Ruhit Ashraf (Author)
Pharmacoenvironmentology: Assessing the Impact of Pharmaceutical Residues on the Environment and Public Health
An integral part of environmental pharmacology is the emerging field of Eco pharmacology, which addresses the ecological consequences of drug consumption and improper medication disposal. As the number of pharmaceuticals consumed by people in the global world has increased, drug residues are becoming sources of emerging concern, caused by their ability to linger in the aquatic and land flourishing systems. Knowledge, attitudes, and disposal practices are emphasized in this review to ratify the imperative role of pharmacy students in reducing pharmaceutical pollution. Research has shown that the perceived knowledge of the concept of eco-pharmacology connotes a knowledge gap, where a small section of students has some understanding of the term eco-pharmacology and its environmental applicability. Even though a positive attitude toward safe disposal and environmental protection among pharmacy students is widespread, improper ways of disposal (disposal of medications into domestic waste or flushing them down the toilet) still appear to be a prevalent phenomenon. The absence of national pharmaceutical take-back programs in most regions adds to this unsafe practice, as there is limited curricular focus on it. Additionally, the level of awareness of antimicrobial residues as the root cause of resistance is quite low. Learning programs in pharmacies, introduction of take-back systems, and intervention to improve awareness and surveillance to encourage sustainable practices through policy interventions are vital. Finally, becoming ecologically literate in the way pharmacology is being handled is essential to both protecting ecosystems and reducing the impact on human and animal health.
Eco pharmacology, medication disposal, pharmaceutical waste, pharmacy education
Copyright (c) 2026 Rasikh Shafi Khan, Sheikh Irshad Ul Haq, Shafkat Hussain Malik, Ruhit Ashraf (Author)
Innovative CRISPR-Cas9 Strategies for Epigenetic Modulation of HIV-1 Latency: Targeting Tissue-Specific Reservoirs with Multiplexed Approach
The most significant barrier to curing HIV-1 is the persistence of HIV-1 in latent reservoirs, distinct populations of long-lived, transcriptionally silent cells located in blood, lymphoid tissues, gastrointestinal (gut-associated lymphoid tissue), and central nervous system, which necessitate lifelong antiretroviral therapy but reliably fail to result in viral eradication. Maintenance of these reservoirs in an epigenetic state is achieved by DNA methylation, a repressive chromatin remodelling and histone modification and is the mechanism that evades immune detection of the integrated proviruses. Several promising advances are noted herein, such as multiplexed guide RNAs to concurrently target multiple proviral and host regulatory sites; tissue-specific delivery through viral vectors with tissue-specific promoters, ligand-decorated lipid nanoparticles, and exosome delivery; and a concept of integrating combinatorial gene editing with latency reversing agents and broadly neutralizing antibodies to increase immune-mediated eradication. Complimentary preclinical verification procedures such as humanized mouse models and skilled organoids exhibit the security, performance, and versatility of such disciplines. A paradigm shift necessitated by the evidence is a global shift to personalized, reversible epigenetic modelling of latency to overcome heterogeneity and anatomical compartmentalization in the reservoir. In future progress in delivery, specificity, and multi-omic profiling is expected to propel faster clinical translation, not only in HIV-1 but also in other chronic viro-infections, and mark the dawn of a new age of curative genomic medicine.
HIV-1 latency, Viral reservoirs, Epigenetic editing, CRISPR-dCas9 systems, Tissue-targeted delivery, Gene therapy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Afshan, Tawqeer Shafi, Puneet Kaur, Ruhit Ashraf (Author)
mRNA Therapeutics Beyond COVID-19 Vaccines: Expanding Horizons in Precision Medicine and Disease Modulation
The BioNTech/Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 mRNA vaccines achieved success has never been so successful before, and the messenger RNA (mRNA) has proven itself to be a highly versatile and powerful platform in modern medicine. This breakthrough established the safety, efficacy and scalability of the mRNA-based interventions and the intensive research on their possible use beyond infectious diseases. Recent advances in mRNA engineering, nucleoside modification, and lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery systems have transformed stability of mRNA, translation activity and local delivery on which the foundation of future generation therapeutic is based. The technology of mRNA is now applied to the clinical uses of precise medicine through mRNA vaccines in order to induce tumor specific anticancer immunotherapy; genetic disease, where mRNA vaccine is used to induce tissue regeneration and angiogenesis; and autoimmune regulation where mRNA technology is used to regenerate the immune tolerance. Also, mRNA is necessary to execute the CRISPR-based gene editing and enables the delivery of gene-editing elements to cells in a temporary and controllable manner to repair pathogenic mutations. All these developments lead to the future of mRNA as a therapy and preventive and control agent against complicated diseases, which are too specific and adaptable. The review will look at the revolutionary process of mRNA therapeutics beyond COVID 19 vaccines, the revolutionary change in technology, therapeutic use and future opportunities that lead to the centre of cancer precision and targeted therapy with mRNA.
mRNA therapeutics, lipid nanoparticles, precision medicine, immunotherapy, genetic disorders, gene editing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syed Masadaq Qadri, Pooja Tandon, Tawqeer Shafi, Imtiyaz Hussain, Ruhit Ashraf (Author)
Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds as Potential Therapeutics in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Pharmacological Insight
Plant-derived bioactive compounds have provided an attractive and versatile approach to address the challenge of neurodegenerative diseases that remain a critical global health concern due to progressive progression and lack of therapeutic treatment. These diseases include Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington and are characterized by complex pathologies and include oxidative stress, abnormal protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis that eventually lead to impaired cognition, mobility, and general neurobiological functioning. The traditional pharmacological treatment methods mainly offer relief in the form of symptoms and have a minimal effect of slowing down the process of disease, which is why new forms of treatment are urgently needed. The recent pharmacological studies have progressively emphasized the strong medicinal potential of plant bioactive components, including polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and polysaccharides. These constituents show a biomolecular range of neuroprotective effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-cholinesterase as well as anti-aggregation which are direct antagonists of the pathological processes of neurodegeneration. Consistently, both preclinical in vitro and in vivo experiments reveal that these secondary metabolites are capable of alleviating neuronal damage through the effect of modulating cellular signalling pathways, reactive oxygen species, supporting mitochondrial activity, and inhibition of apoptotic cascades. Bacosides (derived with Bacopa monnieri), acteoside, and pinocembrin have been found to, respectively, inhibit neuronal apoptosis, confer anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties critical to neuroprotection. The growing body of evidence that functional synergy exists between plant-derived compounds and current pharmacotherapies indicates that combination strategies could be used to improve therapeutic outcomes and elevate clinical outcomes.
Plant-derived compounds, Bioactive phytochemicals, Neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington's disease.
Copyright (c) 2026 Waseem Ahad Ganai, Shafkat Hussain Malik, Imtiyaz Hussain, Sheikh Irshad Ul Haq, Ruhit Ashraf, Haroon Shabir (Author)
Cancer Epigenetics Beyond DNA Methylation: Role of RNA Modifications (m6A, m5C) in Tumor Initiation and Therapy Resistance
Epigenetic regulation has turned out to be a key factor in the formation and progression of cancer. Histone modifications and DNA methylation have traditionally been considered to be the key epigenetic processes that mediate oncogenesis. Recent discoveries, however, emphasize the importance of other types of RNA modifications, i.e. N6 -methyl adenosine (m6A) and 5 -methyl cytosine (m5C) that creates an extra layer of gene control in malignant settings. These changes are dynamically coordinated by methyltransferases, demethylases and reader proteins to mediate important facets of RNA metabolism such as splicing, stability, translation and subcellular localization. Aberrant RNA methylation is one of the largest contributory factors to tumor formation, disease pathogenesis, immune-survival, and resistance to therapy. The imbalance between m6A and m5C disrupts the regular RNA metabolism, thus promoting oncogenic signalling, stem-cell-like behaviour of cancer cells, and immune escape. Consequently, growing data suggest that the development of aberrant RNA methylation is associated with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy resistance. m6A/m5C perturbations activating particular molecular pathways involve increased DNA repair ability, metabolic repositioning and changed dynamics of antigen-presentation. The review summarizes the existing literature on the molecular processes controlled by m6A and m5C in cancer, and provides two summary tables one listing the canonical regulators of these RNA modifications as involved in oncogenesis, and the other listing their role in therapeutic resistance. . Lastly, we touch on the future clinical uses of epitranscriptomic data in cancer, and how novel biomarkers and targeted therapies can improve the patient outcomes.
Cancer epigenetics, RNA modifications, N6-methyladenosine (m6A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C), Tumor initiation, Therapy resistance, Oncogene regulation, Cancer stemness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ruhit Ashraf, Shafkat Hussain Malik, Imtiyaz Hussain, Tawqeer Shafi, Majid Hussain Teeli, Sheikh Irshad Ul Haq (Author)
Emerging Drug Targets and Novel Therapeutic Strategies in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is approximately 10–20% of all breast-cancer diagnoses and is a clinically aggressive, biologically heterogeneous phenotype that results as concomitant deficiency of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 expression. In its turn, this molecular signature limits the number of targeted therapies and is associated with a dreadful prognosis and a high recurrence rate compared to other subtypes of breast-cancer. Traditionally, the management was based on systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy; however, over the last ten years, there has been an impressive advancement that completely changed the treatment environment of TNBC. Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) has become an essential therapeutic breakthrough, which enables the delivery of highly potent cytotoxic compounds to malignant cells in a targeted manner. Newer drugs like Sacituzumab govitecan and trastuzumab deruxtecan have produced significant effects on progression-free and overall survival particularly in HER2-low TNBC. There has also been an improvement in PD-L1 positive early-stage and metastatic TNBC with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), especially pembrolizumab, and synergy of chemo therapeutic agents. Additionally, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, among them olaparib and talazoparib have shown strong efficacy in the population with germline BRCA1/2 mutations through synthetic lethality. New treatment paradigms that query PI3K/AKT axis, androgen receptor signalling and DNA-damage-response (DDR) signatures are currently in strict development in biomarker-selected cohorts. Active clinical trials are testing the rational combination approaches that involve ADCs, ICIs, and PARP inhibitors among other targeted therapies which are expected to overcome the resistance to therapeutic effects and to prolong the duration of response.
Triple-negative breast cancer; Antibody-drug conjugates; PARP inhibitors; Immune checkpoint inhibitors; PI3K/AKT pathway; Targeted therapy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Haroon Shabir, Ruhit Ashraf, Shafkat Hussain Malik, Mudasir Majeed, Waseem Ahad Ganai (Author)
A Review of the Literature on the Adoption of Jolly Phonics Method by Teachers to Enhance Students’ English Literacy
The main aim of this study is to review the empirical literature available on the adoption of Jolly Phonics methods by teachers to improve their students’ English language skills. Specifically, this study aims to summarise and synthesize the results of the previous studies conducted on teachers to know their perception about the effectiveness of JP program in enhancing students’ English literacy. Moreover, the researchers also endeavoured to identify research gaps and provided recommendations for future research through this study. The researchers have included 11 studies published between 2012 to 2024 in the review by following a pre-determined inclusion-exclusion criteria. The studies have been analysed in terms of their aims, methodology and the results reported by them. The results revealed that, majority of the studies reported that the participating teachers in the JP intervention found the program and JP resource material useful. They are satisfied with JP method and they believe that JP method can be successfully implemented on learners to improve their English literacy skills.
Copyright (c) 2026 Varsha Chudhari (Author)
Women in Coffee Farming: Economic Contributions of Female-Headed Coffee-Producing Households to Liberia’s GDP
Background Coffee is one of the primary agriculture products of Liberia, and it plays an important role for many Liberians who produce coffee for either subsistence (household) or selling coffee in their region. To create an inclusive agro-economic environment, it is essential to assess the gender make-up and participation of all coffee producers and to evaluate how women are included in the development of value-chain markets. There are many female-headed households in coffee producing countries such as Liberia, which are an under-utilized resource within this coffee-producing country. Methods Secondary data from Liberia's Agricultural Household Survey (2022) were utilized for this study, including all fifteen counties of Liberia. The study population included a total of 359,075 agricultural householders, of which 10,739 households were identified as coffee-producing households. The data in the data set were broken down by gender of the head of household, by the rural and urban regions of Liberia, and by the county of Liberia where each household resides. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the overall distribution of female coffee-producing households, as well as the women's share among the total agricultural household population as a whole. In Deciding Where to Get Coffee and to who (2008 - 2022) Coffee producing households' coffee production trends will be looked at from the perspective of time from this period in order to give a clearer understanding of participation per-gender in coffee production. Results 24,9% of coffee producing households are managed by females, while 75,1% are managed by males. Coffee producing households that are male headed, in rural areas, have higher male ownership (75,1%) than coffee producing households that are female headed (24,9%). Most female operated coffee producing households are located in urban centres (30,7%). At the county level, the proportion of coffee producing households that are female headed varies widely from 14,2% for Rivercess County to 31,9% for Lofa County. There are several counties that have the largest numbers of coffee growing farmers in the country - counties such as Nimba County, Bong County, and Lofa County - where the participation of women has been highlighted. In total, in 2022, approximately 3% of all agricultural households were considered coffee growing households, down from 7,9% in 2008. Conclusion Women-operated households involved in coffee production represent approximately twenty-five percent of Liberia's coffee producers, however there are urban-rural divides and differences between counties throughout the country. In addition to providing agricultural livelihoods, these households contribute to how coffee contributes to the country's overall economy. Improving gender-sensitive agricultural and economic policies would allow for increased women's participation in the coffee industry, leading to a stronger contribution from coffee towards the country's overall gross domestic product. Keywords: Coffee farming; Female-headed households; Gender and agriculture; Agricultural households; Liberia; Economic contribution; GDP
Copyright (c) 2026 Interdisciplinary Journal of the African Alliance for Research, Advocacy and Innovation
Integrating the African Restorative Psychospiritual Model (ARPM) in Clinical Settings: A Culturally Grounded Approach to Trauma Healing
Abstract The African Restorative Psychospiritual Model (ARPM) is a proposed framework for trauma healing, specifically designed for African and diasporic communities. Unlike traditional Western trauma models, which often focus on symptom management in isolation, ARPM integrates cultural, spiritual, and communal aspects of healing to provide a more holistic approach. This paper explores the theoretical foundations and potential clinical applications of ARPM, focusing on its five core pillars: ancestral memory, Ubuntu consciousness, spiritual grounding, narrative liberation, and cognitive decolonization. While still in the conceptual stage, ARPM offers a novel perspective on trauma recovery by emphasizing the collective nature of trauma, the importance of cultural identity, and the role of spirituality in healing. The paper discusses how these pillars can be incorporated into clinical settings to create culturally relevant and spiritually enriching therapeutic practices for African and diasporic clients. Additionally, it highlights the challenges of integrating ARPM into existing clinical frameworks and the need for further empirical research to assess its effectiveness. Ultimately, ARPM presents an opportunity to expand trauma-informed care by offering a culturally grounded, community-oriented model of healing. Keywords: African Restorative Psychospiritual Model, ARPM, trauma healing, cultural identity, spiritual grounding, ancestral memory, Ubuntu consciousness, narrative liberation, cognitive decolonization, clinical applications, African psychology, diaspora, community-based healing, trauma-informed care, cultural relevance, spirituality in therapy.
African Restorative Psychospiritual Model
Racial Identity Disruption Syndrome (RIDS): Toward a Psychological Model of Racism and Colorism
Racism and colorism continue to have deep psychological and relational impacts, yet existing frameworks often treat them either as moral failings or purely structural problems, paying limited attention to their internal psychological effects. This paper introduces Racial Identity Disruption Syndrome (RIDS) as a provisional, integrative framework for understanding how racialized environments can shape identity, thought, emotion, and behavior through self-reinforcing psychological and neurocognitive processes. Drawing on cognitive-behavioral theory, psychodynamic perspectives, social identity theory, and neuroscience, RIDS frames racism and colorism as disruptions of identity integration rather than fixed traits or medical diagnoses. A conceptual diagram illustrates how rigid racial schemas, emotional dysregulation, defensive identity processes, and threat-based neurocognitive responses interact within broader sociocultural contexts to perpetuate relational harm and impaired empathy. The paper outlines provisional phenomenological indicators of RIDS, emphasizing that these are heuristic tools rather than diagnostic criteria, meant to guide ethical inquiry and empirical research. A multi-level intervention framework is proposed, addressing intrapersonal, relational, institutional, and structural levels to support identity integration, emotional regulation, and restorative repair. Finally, the paper discusses implications for research, policy, and professional practice, while acknowledging conceptual, empirical, and ethical limitations. By framing racialized harm as a modifiable, context-dependent pattern of identity disruption, the RIDS framework aims to foster interdisciplinary dialogue, empirical investigation, and ethically grounded approaches to racial healing. It is offered not as a final classification, but as a reflective scaffold for understanding and transforming the psychological dimensions of racism and colorism. Keywords: Racial Identity Disruption Syndrome, racism, colorism, identity integration, emotional dysregulation, neurocognitive processes, restorative interventions
Systemic Barriers to Pedagogical Content Knowledge Development in Mathematics Education: An Integrative Analysis of Teacher Preparation at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Ghana
Abstract This study examined systemic barriers to the development of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) among mathematics education teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences in Ghana. PCK, which combines subject matter knowledge with pedagogical strategies, is widely recognized as a foundation of teaching effectiveness, yet teachers often face structural challenges in acquiring it. A descriptive survey design was employed, involving 98 mathematics education students who completed a questionnaire on curricular saliency, representations, instructional strategies, and diagnosis of student misconceptions. The results showed consistent challenges across all areas of PCK, with the greatest difficulties reported in the use of varied instructional strategies and in addressing misconceptions. Demographic variables such as gender, age, and level of education were not significantly associated with these challenges, suggesting that barriers are rooted in the design of teacher preparation rather than individual differences. The study concludes that reforms in Ghana’s teacher education system are urgently needed. These should include curriculum redesign, expanded practicum opportunities, mentorship, and professional development that places PCK at the center of mathematics teacher education. Keywords: pedagogical content knowledge, systemic barriers, mathematics education, teacher preparation, Ghana
Challenges in Developing Pedagogical Content Knowledge among Mathematics Education Teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences: Implications for Teacher Education Reform in Ghana
Abstract This study investigated the challenges that mathematics education teachers encounter in developing pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKTUTAS) in Ghana. PCK, which integrates subject matter expertise with pedagogical strategies, remains a critical determinant of teacher effectiveness and student learning. Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 98 undergraduate and postgraduate mathematics education students through a structured questionnaire. Results revealed that participants struggled most with applying multiple instructional strategies, diagnosing students’ misconceptions, and integrating curriculum knowledge into classroom practice. Limited exposure to practice-based training and insufficient opportunities for reflective teaching were identified as key barriers. These findings underscore the need for systemic reforms in teacher education to better integrate theory with practice. Policy implications include strengthening practicum experiences, promoting mentorship, and embedding PCK-focused modules in mathematics teacher education programs. Keywords: pedagogical content knowledge, mathematics education, teacher education reform, instructional challenges, Ghana
Assessing Topic-Specific Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Mathematics Instruction: Evidence from C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Ghana
Abstract This study examined the topic-specific pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) of mathematics education teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKTUTAS), Ghana. While generic aspects of PCK such as knowledge of students’ understanding and instructional strategies are widely studied, topic-specific dimensions including curricular saliency and representations remain underexplored in Ghanaian teacher education. Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 98 undergraduate and postgraduate mathematics education students through a structured questionnaire adapted from established PCK frameworks. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and chi-square tests were employed to analyze the extent to which participants demonstrated topic-specific pedagogical competence. Findings revealed that teachers exhibited moderate levels of curricular saliency and limited knowledge of multiple representations, suggesting challenges in connecting mathematical topics and adapting content for different learners. These results highlight the need for teacher education programs to embed structured opportunities that build topic-specific PCK alongside generic pedagogical skills. Policy recommendations include revising curricula to incorporate task-based learning and content-focused pedagogical training. Keywords: topic-specific pedagogical content knowledge, mathematics education, curricular saliency, multiple representations, Ghana
topic-specific pedagogical content knowledge
The Church Trauma of Stifled Grief: A Reflection and Analysis from an Old Testament Perspective
Abstract The Church spans a community of relationship between people and God. As an organization, the Church can induce trauma among individual members and at the same time undergo it. The present paper investigates the question of the role of the Church in trauma creation and management. Traumatic incidence particularly clergy sexual misconduct disrupts harmonious relationship and puts the Church at the crossroads of a difficult decision and action. Drawing upon a narrative analysis with the story of Job in the Old Testament, it is observed that the Church trauma of stifled grief parallels Job’s traumatic experiences among his friends in his community. While individuals who suffer trauma in the Church have much in common with Job as a victim of trauma, it is evident that both trauma victims in the Church and the Church as a whole may find valuable lessons in Job’s trauma episode for mutual healing and restoration of peace and well-being. Keywords: Trauma, Church, Stifled Grief, Agent, Victim, Clergy, Sexual Abuse, Job
Towards an Integrated Trauma-Informed Family and Societal Recovery for Substance Use and Relapse Prevention in Africa: The Trauma-Informed Family and Societal Recovery Model
Abstract Substance use disorders pose a growing public health challenge across Africa, exacerbated by a complex interplay of trauma, social stressors, and family and community dynamics. Traditional individual-centered approaches have shown limited effectiveness, often overlooking the broader familial and societal influences that shape recovery outcomes. This paper introduces the Trauma-Informed Family and Societal Recovery Model (TIFSRM), a comprehensive framework designed to address substance use within the African context. The TIFSRM integrates trauma-informed care principles, emphasizing the role of family engagement and community support in fostering recovery. By acknowledging how trauma influences behavior and relationships, the model provides culturally responsive strategies to engage families and communities in the recovery process. It promotes individual healing while strengthening family cohesion and community resilience, creating an environment that supports sustained recovery. The model also addresses societal challenges such as stigma, limited access to healthcare, and cultural perceptions of substance use, offering practical guidance for implementation. The TIFSRM represents a holistic approach that aligns with African cultural values, leveraging existing social structures to enhance recovery outcomes. This framework provides a foundation for developing interventions that are both contextually appropriate and evidence-informed, ultimately contributing to healthier communities and improved quality of life for individuals affected by substance use disorders. Keywords: Substance Use Disorders, Trauma-Informed Care, Family Systems, Community Support, Culturally Relevant Interventions, Recovery Models, African Context, Trauma Healing, TIFSRM, Trauma-Informed Family and Societal Recovery Model
Towards a New Paradigm of Motivation: The Development of Theory Alpha in Organizational Psychology
Theory Alpha is introduced in this paper as a framework for understanding motivation, wellbeing, and organizational development. It moves beyond traditional models that treat employees primarily as economic resources and instead presents them as whole persons whose psychological, social, and cultural needs must be considered. The theory combines insights from psychology, sociology, and organizational studies, with particular attention to contexts in the Global South. The framework argues that motivation and productivity are inseparable from wellbeing, autonomy, and meaningful work. By recognizing these dimensions, Theory Alpha highlights the importance of psychological safety, supportive leadership, and cultural relevance in workplace design. Unlike approaches that rely only on financial or structural incentives, this perspective places emphasis on human flourishing as the foundation of sustainable performance. The paper outlines the theoretical foundations of Theory Alpha, reviews empirical evidence from both Global North and South contexts, and identifies practical implications for policy and organizational strategy. It concludes that integrating this framework into research and practice can strengthen both individual development and institutional resilience. In doing so, Theory Alpha offers a holistic model that links personal wellbeing with collective organizational success. Keywords: Employee motivation, organizational psychology, Theory Alpha, wellbeing, purpose, autonomy, workplace dynamics, cross-cultural management, human-centered leadership
Copyright (c) 2025 Interdisciplinary Journal of the African Alliance for Research, Advocacy and Innovation
Occupational Mental Health and Organizational Development: A Global South Perspective
Occupational mental health remains an underexplored aspect of organizational development in the Global South. In many workplaces, stigma, scarce resources, weak enforcement of labor standards, and the realities of informal employment continue to limit progress. This paper examines how employee wellbeing connects to organizational performance and long-term sustainability, and it argues that mental health should be treated as a form of organizational capital rather than a secondary concern. Evidence from Africa and Asia is compared with established models such as the United Kingdom’s Health and Safety Executive standards and the World Health Organization’s Healthy Workplace framework. The discussion identifies major gaps in policy, workplace culture, and human resource practices. It also suggests that proactive, culturally sensitive, and sector-specific approaches are needed to improve engagement, creativity, and retention among employees. Practical recommendations include integrating mental health into human resource systems, creating supportive workplace cultures, and promoting policy interventions at both organizational and government levels. The paper calls for a shift in how organizational psychology and management studies in the Global South treat occupational mental health, proposing a research and practice agenda that positions wellbeing as a foundation for sustainable organizational development. Keywords: Occupational mental health, Global South, organizational development, employee wellbeing, human resource management, sustainable development
Human-Centric HR in the Age of AI: Why People Still Matter More Than Machines
As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes more integrated into human resource management, questions arise about whether machines could replace HR professionals. This paper argues that while AI can improve efficiency, automate repetitive tasks, and provide useful data insights, it cannot replace the human qualities that make HR effective. Skills such as empathy, emotional intelligence, cultural awareness, ethical decision-making, mentoring, and leadership development are central to building trust, motivation, and a positive workplace culture. Using examples from the Global South, including India, Ghana, and South Africa, and lessons from the Global North, the paper shows that organizations achieve stronger engagement, retention, and growth when they combine AI with human-centered practices. The paper concludes that the future of HR lies in a partnership between humans and AI, where technology enhances rather than replaces human judgment and relational skills. Keywords: Human Resource Management, Artificial Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence, Employee Engagement, Organizational Culture, Global South, Human-AI Collaboration, Leadership Development
Predictive Modelling of ART Non-Adherence: Interactions of Patient, Health System, and Socio-Cultural Determinants in Rural and Urban Settings of Ghana’s Western Region
Background: Achieving sustained adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is critical for viral suppression and HIV epidemic control. In Ghana’s Western Region, rural–urban disparities in healthcare access, socio-cultural norms, and economic opportunities may differentially influence adherence. Objective: To apply predictive modelling to identify patient, health system, and socio-cultural determinants of ART non-adherence in rural and urban settings of Ghana’s Western Region. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and August 2023 among 620 people living with HIV (320 rural, 300 urban) who had been on ART for at least six months. Data were collected through structured interviews and verified with pharmacy refill records. Independent variables included socio-demographics, travel time to clinic, stigma, disclosure status, appointment attendance, and provider communication. Binary logistic regression identified predictors of non-adherence (adherence <95%), with separate rural and urban analyses. Model performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results: Overall non-adherence prevalence was 19.1%, higher in rural settings (23.7%) than urban settings (14.0%). Significant predictors of non-adherence included stigma (AOR 2.54, p < 0.001), missed clinic appointments (AOR 2.87, p < 0.001), travel time >60 minutes (AOR 2.26, p = 0.001), low education (AOR 1.95, p = 0.006), poor provider communication (AOR 1.74, p = 0.023), younger age (AOR 1.78, p = 0.015), and non-disclosure of HIV status (AOR 1.69, p = 0.031). The final model demonstrated good discrimination (AUC = 0.82). Conclusion: ART non-adherence in Ghana’s Western Region is driven by a combination of structural and behavioural factors, with distinct rural–urban dynamics. Integrating predictive modelling into programme monitoring could enable early identification of high-risk patients, while geographically tailored interventions—such as decentralized ART delivery in rural areas, stigma reduction campaigns, and enhanced patient–provider communication—may improve adherence outcomes. Keywords: ART adherence, predictive modelling, HIV, stigma, rural–urban disparities
Integrating the Health Belief Model into HIV Care: A Case Study of ART Adherence in Wassa Amenfi West
Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence is critical for viral suppression, reduced HIV transmission, and improved quality of life. In rural Ghana, socio-economic challenges and behavioural factors threaten optimal adherence. The Health Belief Model (HBM) provides a framework to understand and address these behavioural determinants. Objective: To examine the association between HBM constructs—perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy—and ART adherence among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Wassa Amenfi West Municipality, Ghana. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 602 PLHIV aged ≥18 years who had been on ART for at least six months. Participants were selected through systematic random sampling from ART clinic registers. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire guided by HBM constructs, with adherence assessed via self-report and pharmacy refill verification. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used to examine associations between HBM constructs and adherence, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Optimal adherence was significantly associated with high perceived susceptibility (χ² = 16.82, p < 0.001), high perceived severity (χ² = 10.95, p = 0.001), high perceived benefits (χ² = 22.14, p < 0.001), low perceived barriers (χ² = 18.47, p < 0.001), presence of cues to action (χ² = 15.68, p < 0.001), and high self-efficacy (χ² = 17.92, p < 0.001). Participants with high benefit perception and strong self-efficacy had the highest adherence rates. Conclusion: The findings highlight the utility of the HBM in predicting ART adherence and designing theory-driven interventions in rural Ghana. Addressing barriers, reinforcing benefits, enhancing self-efficacy, and providing consistent cues to action should be prioritised in adherence programs. Integrating HBM-informed strategies into both clinic-based counselling and community outreach can strengthen ART outcomes in resource-limited settings. Keywords: Health Belief Model, ART adherence, HIV, behavioural theory, rural Ghana, self-efficacy, cues to action.
Socio-Educational Demographics and Variations in Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Mathematics Education Teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Ghana
Abstract This study investigated the influence of socio-educational demographics on the pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) of mathematics education teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKTUTAS), Ghana. Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 98 undergraduate and postgraduate mathematics education students through a structured questionnaire. The study examined differences in PCK levels across gender, age, and educational level, focusing on both generic and topic-specific dimensions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-tests, and chi-square tests of association. The findings revealed no statistically significant differences in PCK across gender, age, or educational level, indicating that challenges in pedagogical development were widespread among teacher trainees. These results suggest that pedagogical weaknesses are systemic rather than demographic-specific. The study concludes that teacher education programs should adopt holistic interventions that strengthen PCK across all trainee groups. Policy implications highlight the importance of curriculum reforms and nationwide professional development programs that target the enhancement of pedagogical knowledge in mathematics education. Keywords: pedagogical content knowledge, demographics, mathematics education, teacher education, Ghana
Interactions among Components of Generic Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Mathematics Education Teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Ghana
Abstract This study explored the interaction between components of generic pedagogical content knowledge (GPCK) among mathematics education teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKTUTAS), Ghana. A descriptive survey design was adopted, and data were collected from 98 undergraduate and postgraduate mathematics education students through a structured questionnaire. The instrument measured two GPCK dimensions: knowledge of students’ understanding and knowledge of instructional practices. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation tests with SPSS version 25. Findings indicated a significant positive correlation between the two GPCK components, suggesting that teachers who had greater awareness of students’ mathematical thinking also demonstrated stronger instructional practices. The results reinforce the interconnected nature of GPCK, showing that improvement in one area can enhance the other. The study recommends that teacher education programs integrate student cognition and instructional practices in a unified approach to better prepare mathematics teachers. Policy implications include the need for structured professional development that emphasizes the alignment of instructional strategies with students’ learning processes. Keywords: pedagogical content knowledge, generic PCK, mathematics education, instructional practices, student understanding, Ghana
Examining the Generic Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Mathematics Education Teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Ghana
Abstract The study examined the generic pedagogical content knowledge (GPCK) of mathematics education teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKTUTAS). Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 98 undergraduate and postgraduate mathematics education students through a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were employed to assess participants’ levels of GPCK, while correlation and independent t-tests were used to analyze relationships and demographic variations. The results showed that teachers demonstrated moderate knowledge of students’ understanding but low knowledge of instructional practices. A significant positive correlation was found between the two components of GPCK, indicating their interdependent nature. No significant differences in GPCK were observed across gender or educational level. These findings suggest that weaknesses in pedagogical knowledge are widespread and not tied to demographic factors. The study recommends that teacher education programs integrate more practice-based learning to strengthen instructional skills. Policy initiatives by the Ministry of Education and the Ghana Education Service should prioritize professional development programs that enhance teachers’ instructional competence. Limitations of the study include its reliance on self-reported data from a single university, suggesting the need for larger and mixed-methods studies. The study contributes to the discourse on mathematics teacher preparation and provides evidence to guide reforms in mathematics education in Ghana. Keywords: pedagogical content knowledge, mathematics education, teacher education, instructional practices, student understanding
Embedding Trauma-Informed Care into Healthcare Leadership: A Paradigm Shift in Organizational Culture and Patient Outcomes
Background: The integration of trauma-informed care (TIC) principles into healthcare leadership represents a transformative approach that addresses the pervasive impact of trauma on both patients and healthcare providers. In the Indian healthcare context, where diverse socioeconomic challenges and cultural complexities intersect with healthcare delivery, implementing TIC through leadership initiatives becomes critically important for improving organizational culture and patient outcomes. Objective: This study examines the implementation of trauma-informed care principles within healthcare leadership frameworks in Indian healthcare institutions, analyzing the organizational cultural transformation and subsequent impact on patient outcomes, staff wellbeing, and institutional performance. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was employed, including a systematic review of literature (2015-2024), cross-sectional surveys of 847 healthcare professionals across 12 major Indian hospitals, in-depth interviews with 45 healthcare leaders, and analysis of patient outcome data from institutions implementing TIC principles. The study utilized validated instruments including the Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL-5), Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI), and Patient Satisfaction Survey adapted for Indian healthcare contexts. Results: Implementation of trauma-informed leadership practices resulted in significant improvements in organizational culture metrics (p < 0.001), with clan culture scores increasing by 34.2% and hierarchical culture decreasing by 28.5%. Patient satisfaction scores improved by 27.8% (95% CI: 24.1-31.5), readmission rates decreased by 15.3% (p < 0.05), and staff turnover reduced by 22.7%. Healthcare providers reported 31% reduction in secondary traumatic stress and 26% improvement in compassion satisfaction scores. Conclusion: The systematic integration of trauma-informed care principles into healthcare leadership creates a paradigm shift that enhances organizational culture, improves patient outcomes, and promotes staff wellbeing. The Indian healthcare context presents unique opportunities and challenges for TIC implementation, requiring culturally adapted leadership approaches that acknowledge historical trauma, social determinants, and organizational hierarchies. Keywords: Trauma-informed care, healthcare leadership, organizational culture, patient outcomes, India, healthcare transformation, secondary trauma, compassion fatigue
Preventive Practices and Misconceptions About Malnutrition Among Mothers in Rural Ghana: A Case Study from Asankrangwa Catholic Hospital
Malnutrition remains a major health concern in rural Ghana despite numerous national nutrition initiatives. This study explored mothers’ preventive practices and common misconceptions regarding child malnutrition in Asankrangwa Catholic Hospital. A total of 205 mothers with children under five were surveyed using structured questionnaires. Results showed that while most mothers had heard about exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding, fewer than half practiced them consistently. Awareness of dietary diversity and hygiene practices was also moderate, yet actual adherence remained low. Misconceptions such as attributing malnutrition to spiritual attacks, teething, or witchcraft were common, especially among mothers with no formal education. Cross-tabulation analysis revealed that maternal education significantly influenced both preventive practices and belief in myths. The study highlights the need for health education strategies that are both practical and culturally appropriate to close the gap between knowledge and behavior in preventing child malnutrition. Keywords: malnutrition prevention, maternal practices, misconceptions, exclusive breastfeeding, rural Ghana, dietary diversity, child health
Prevalence and Predictors of Trauma-Related Mental Health Outcomes Among Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons in Africa During Conflict and Crisis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Background: Refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Africa are frequently exposed to armed conflict, violence, and displacement-related trauma, placing them at heightened risk of mental health disorders. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of trauma-related mental health outcomes among refugees and IDPs in African conflict and crisis settings. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, African Journals Online (AJOL), and the UNHCR digital library, including grey literature, for studies published between January 2000 and July 2025. Eligible studies reported prevalence rates of PTSD, depression, anxiety, or psychological distress using validated instruments among African refugee or IDP populations. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to calculate pooled prevalence estimates. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic, and publication bias was evaluated through funnel plot analysis. Results: Out of 3,365 identified records, 40 studies met inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis, and 35 were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence estimates were 37.8% (95% CI: 32.5–43.2%) for PTSD, 32.1% (95% CI: 27.0–37.8%) for depression, and 30.4% (95% CI: 25.3–36.1%) for anxiety. Subgroup analysis indicated higher prevalence among IDPs compared to refugees and among studies conducted in East and Central Africa. Significant heterogeneity was observed across studies (I² > 90%). Conclusions: The findings reveal alarmingly high levels of trauma-related mental health conditions among refugees and IDPs in Africa, with considerable regional and population-based variations. These results underscore the urgent need for culturally adapted, trauma-informed mental health interventions in conflict-affected African settings. Keywords: Refugees, Internally Displaced Persons, PTSD, Depression, Anxiety, Mental Health, Africa, Conflict, Crisis, Meta-analysis, Systematic Review