Interdisciplinary Journal of the African Alliance for Research, Advocacy and Innovation
The Interdisciplinary Journal of the African Alliance for Research, Advocacy and Innovation is a scholarly, peer reviewed publication dedicated to advancing interdisciplinary academic dialogue and knowledge generation on issues central to Africa’s development and global engagement. Established under the African Alliance for Research, Advocacy and Innovation, the journal provides a dynamic platform for researchers, policymakers, innovators, and practitioners to share critical insights and empirical evidence addressing Africa’s social, economic, political, environmental, and technological challenges. The journal promotes interdisciplinary scholarship by bringing together diverse fields including public policy, health sciences, education, technology, environmental studies, gender studies, economics, and the humanities. Its primary goal is to bridge the gap between theory and practice by encouraging collaborative research that translates into meaningful policy, innovation, and community impact. The journal particularly values submissions that highlight African led solutions to African problems, emphasizing indigenous knowledge systems, contextual innovation, and sustainable development. A defining feature of the journal is its strong commitment to research advocacy and innovation. Beyond the dissemination of academic findings, it seeks to demonstrate the practical relevance of research for policymaking, institutional transformation, and social progress. The journal actively welcomes contributions from both emerging and established scholars, especially those based in Africa or within the African diaspora, to ensure inclusive and representative scholarly engagement. Published quarterly, the Interdisciplinary Journal of the African Alliance for Research, Advocacy and Innovation upholds rigorous academic standards through a transparent double blind peer review process. All submissions are evaluated for originality, methodological rigor, ethical integrity, and real world relevance. By combining academic excellence with a focus on advocacy and innovation, the journal contributes significantly to strengthening Africa’s intellectual presence and advancing knowledge that supports sustainable development, resilience, and sovereignty in the global knowledge economy.
African Alliance for Research, Advocacy and Innovation
Women in Coffee Farming: Economic Contributions of Female-Headed Coffee-Producing Households to Liberia’s GDP
Background Coffee is one of the primary agriculture products of Liberia, and it plays an important role for many Liberians who produce coffee for either subsistence (household) or selling coffee in their region. To create an inclusive agro-economic environment, it is essential to assess the gender make-up and participation of all coffee producers and to evaluate how women are included in the development of value-chain markets. There are many female-headed households in coffee producing countries such as Liberia, which are an under-utilized resource within this coffee-producing country. Methods Secondary data from Liberia's Agricultural Household Survey (2022) were utilized for this study, including all fifteen counties of Liberia. The study population included a total of 359,075 agricultural householders, of which 10,739 households were identified as coffee-producing households. The data in the data set were broken down by gender of the head of household, by the rural and urban regions of Liberia, and by the county of Liberia where each household resides. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the overall distribution of female coffee-producing households, as well as the women's share among the total agricultural household population as a whole. In Deciding Where to Get Coffee and to who (2008 - 2022) Coffee producing households' coffee production trends will be looked at from the perspective of time from this period in order to give a clearer understanding of participation per-gender in coffee production. Results 24,9% of coffee producing households are managed by females, while 75,1% are managed by males. Coffee producing households that are male headed, in rural areas, have higher male ownership (75,1%) than coffee producing households that are female headed (24,9%). Most female operated coffee producing households are located in urban centres (30,7%). At the county level, the proportion of coffee producing households that are female headed varies widely from 14,2% for Rivercess County to 31,9% for Lofa County. There are several counties that have the largest numbers of coffee growing farmers in the country - counties such as Nimba County, Bong County, and Lofa County - where the participation of women has been highlighted. In total, in 2022, approximately 3% of all agricultural households were considered coffee growing households, down from 7,9% in 2008. Conclusion Women-operated households involved in coffee production represent approximately twenty-five percent of Liberia's coffee producers, however there are urban-rural divides and differences between counties throughout the country. In addition to providing agricultural livelihoods, these households contribute to how coffee contributes to the country's overall economy. Improving gender-sensitive agricultural and economic policies would allow for increased women's participation in the coffee industry, leading to a stronger contribution from coffee towards the country's overall gross domestic product. Keywords: Coffee farming; Female-headed households; Gender and agriculture; Agricultural households; Liberia; Economic contribution; GDP
Copyright (c) 2026 Interdisciplinary Journal of the African Alliance for Research, Advocacy and Innovation
Integrating the African Restorative Psychospiritual Model (ARPM) in Clinical Settings: A Culturally Grounded Approach to Trauma Healing
Abstract The African Restorative Psychospiritual Model (ARPM) is a proposed framework for trauma healing, specifically designed for African and diasporic communities. Unlike traditional Western trauma models, which often focus on symptom management in isolation, ARPM integrates cultural, spiritual, and communal aspects of healing to provide a more holistic approach. This paper explores the theoretical foundations and potential clinical applications of ARPM, focusing on its five core pillars: ancestral memory, Ubuntu consciousness, spiritual grounding, narrative liberation, and cognitive decolonization. While still in the conceptual stage, ARPM offers a novel perspective on trauma recovery by emphasizing the collective nature of trauma, the importance of cultural identity, and the role of spirituality in healing. The paper discusses how these pillars can be incorporated into clinical settings to create culturally relevant and spiritually enriching therapeutic practices for African and diasporic clients. Additionally, it highlights the challenges of integrating ARPM into existing clinical frameworks and the need for further empirical research to assess its effectiveness. Ultimately, ARPM presents an opportunity to expand trauma-informed care by offering a culturally grounded, community-oriented model of healing. Keywords: African Restorative Psychospiritual Model, ARPM, trauma healing, cultural identity, spiritual grounding, ancestral memory, Ubuntu consciousness, narrative liberation, cognitive decolonization, clinical applications, African psychology, diaspora, community-based healing, trauma-informed care, cultural relevance, spirituality in therapy.
African Restorative Psychospiritual Model
Racial Identity Disruption Syndrome (RIDS): Toward a Psychological Model of Racism and Colorism
Racism and colorism continue to have deep psychological and relational impacts, yet existing frameworks often treat them either as moral failings or purely structural problems, paying limited attention to their internal psychological effects. This paper introduces Racial Identity Disruption Syndrome (RIDS) as a provisional, integrative framework for understanding how racialized environments can shape identity, thought, emotion, and behavior through self-reinforcing psychological and neurocognitive processes. Drawing on cognitive-behavioral theory, psychodynamic perspectives, social identity theory, and neuroscience, RIDS frames racism and colorism as disruptions of identity integration rather than fixed traits or medical diagnoses. A conceptual diagram illustrates how rigid racial schemas, emotional dysregulation, defensive identity processes, and threat-based neurocognitive responses interact within broader sociocultural contexts to perpetuate relational harm and impaired empathy. The paper outlines provisional phenomenological indicators of RIDS, emphasizing that these are heuristic tools rather than diagnostic criteria, meant to guide ethical inquiry and empirical research. A multi-level intervention framework is proposed, addressing intrapersonal, relational, institutional, and structural levels to support identity integration, emotional regulation, and restorative repair. Finally, the paper discusses implications for research, policy, and professional practice, while acknowledging conceptual, empirical, and ethical limitations. By framing racialized harm as a modifiable, context-dependent pattern of identity disruption, the RIDS framework aims to foster interdisciplinary dialogue, empirical investigation, and ethically grounded approaches to racial healing. It is offered not as a final classification, but as a reflective scaffold for understanding and transforming the psychological dimensions of racism and colorism. Keywords: Racial Identity Disruption Syndrome, racism, colorism, identity integration, emotional dysregulation, neurocognitive processes, restorative interventions
Systemic Barriers to Pedagogical Content Knowledge Development in Mathematics Education: An Integrative Analysis of Teacher Preparation at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Ghana
Abstract This study examined systemic barriers to the development of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) among mathematics education teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences in Ghana. PCK, which combines subject matter knowledge with pedagogical strategies, is widely recognized as a foundation of teaching effectiveness, yet teachers often face structural challenges in acquiring it. A descriptive survey design was employed, involving 98 mathematics education students who completed a questionnaire on curricular saliency, representations, instructional strategies, and diagnosis of student misconceptions. The results showed consistent challenges across all areas of PCK, with the greatest difficulties reported in the use of varied instructional strategies and in addressing misconceptions. Demographic variables such as gender, age, and level of education were not significantly associated with these challenges, suggesting that barriers are rooted in the design of teacher preparation rather than individual differences. The study concludes that reforms in Ghana’s teacher education system are urgently needed. These should include curriculum redesign, expanded practicum opportunities, mentorship, and professional development that places PCK at the center of mathematics teacher education. Keywords: pedagogical content knowledge, systemic barriers, mathematics education, teacher preparation, Ghana
Challenges in Developing Pedagogical Content Knowledge among Mathematics Education Teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences: Implications for Teacher Education Reform in Ghana
Abstract This study investigated the challenges that mathematics education teachers encounter in developing pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKTUTAS) in Ghana. PCK, which integrates subject matter expertise with pedagogical strategies, remains a critical determinant of teacher effectiveness and student learning. Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 98 undergraduate and postgraduate mathematics education students through a structured questionnaire. Results revealed that participants struggled most with applying multiple instructional strategies, diagnosing students’ misconceptions, and integrating curriculum knowledge into classroom practice. Limited exposure to practice-based training and insufficient opportunities for reflective teaching were identified as key barriers. These findings underscore the need for systemic reforms in teacher education to better integrate theory with practice. Policy implications include strengthening practicum experiences, promoting mentorship, and embedding PCK-focused modules in mathematics teacher education programs. Keywords: pedagogical content knowledge, mathematics education, teacher education reform, instructional challenges, Ghana
Assessing Topic-Specific Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Mathematics Instruction: Evidence from C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Ghana
Abstract This study examined the topic-specific pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) of mathematics education teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKTUTAS), Ghana. While generic aspects of PCK such as knowledge of students’ understanding and instructional strategies are widely studied, topic-specific dimensions including curricular saliency and representations remain underexplored in Ghanaian teacher education. Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 98 undergraduate and postgraduate mathematics education students through a structured questionnaire adapted from established PCK frameworks. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and chi-square tests were employed to analyze the extent to which participants demonstrated topic-specific pedagogical competence. Findings revealed that teachers exhibited moderate levels of curricular saliency and limited knowledge of multiple representations, suggesting challenges in connecting mathematical topics and adapting content for different learners. These results highlight the need for teacher education programs to embed structured opportunities that build topic-specific PCK alongside generic pedagogical skills. Policy recommendations include revising curricula to incorporate task-based learning and content-focused pedagogical training. Keywords: topic-specific pedagogical content knowledge, mathematics education, curricular saliency, multiple representations, Ghana
topic-specific pedagogical content knowledge
The Church Trauma of Stifled Grief: A Reflection and Analysis from an Old Testament Perspective
Abstract The Church spans a community of relationship between people and God. As an organization, the Church can induce trauma among individual members and at the same time undergo it. The present paper investigates the question of the role of the Church in trauma creation and management. Traumatic incidence particularly clergy sexual misconduct disrupts harmonious relationship and puts the Church at the crossroads of a difficult decision and action. Drawing upon a narrative analysis with the story of Job in the Old Testament, it is observed that the Church trauma of stifled grief parallels Job’s traumatic experiences among his friends in his community. While individuals who suffer trauma in the Church have much in common with Job as a victim of trauma, it is evident that both trauma victims in the Church and the Church as a whole may find valuable lessons in Job’s trauma episode for mutual healing and restoration of peace and well-being. Keywords: Trauma, Church, Stifled Grief, Agent, Victim, Clergy, Sexual Abuse, Job
Towards an Integrated Trauma-Informed Family and Societal Recovery for Substance Use and Relapse Prevention in Africa: The Trauma-Informed Family and Societal Recovery Model
Abstract Substance use disorders pose a growing public health challenge across Africa, exacerbated by a complex interplay of trauma, social stressors, and family and community dynamics. Traditional individual-centered approaches have shown limited effectiveness, often overlooking the broader familial and societal influences that shape recovery outcomes. This paper introduces the Trauma-Informed Family and Societal Recovery Model (TIFSRM), a comprehensive framework designed to address substance use within the African context. The TIFSRM integrates trauma-informed care principles, emphasizing the role of family engagement and community support in fostering recovery. By acknowledging how trauma influences behavior and relationships, the model provides culturally responsive strategies to engage families and communities in the recovery process. It promotes individual healing while strengthening family cohesion and community resilience, creating an environment that supports sustained recovery. The model also addresses societal challenges such as stigma, limited access to healthcare, and cultural perceptions of substance use, offering practical guidance for implementation. The TIFSRM represents a holistic approach that aligns with African cultural values, leveraging existing social structures to enhance recovery outcomes. This framework provides a foundation for developing interventions that are both contextually appropriate and evidence-informed, ultimately contributing to healthier communities and improved quality of life for individuals affected by substance use disorders. Keywords: Substance Use Disorders, Trauma-Informed Care, Family Systems, Community Support, Culturally Relevant Interventions, Recovery Models, African Context, Trauma Healing, TIFSRM, Trauma-Informed Family and Societal Recovery Model
Towards a New Paradigm of Motivation: The Development of Theory Alpha in Organizational Psychology
Theory Alpha is introduced in this paper as a framework for understanding motivation, wellbeing, and organizational development. It moves beyond traditional models that treat employees primarily as economic resources and instead presents them as whole persons whose psychological, social, and cultural needs must be considered. The theory combines insights from psychology, sociology, and organizational studies, with particular attention to contexts in the Global South. The framework argues that motivation and productivity are inseparable from wellbeing, autonomy, and meaningful work. By recognizing these dimensions, Theory Alpha highlights the importance of psychological safety, supportive leadership, and cultural relevance in workplace design. Unlike approaches that rely only on financial or structural incentives, this perspective places emphasis on human flourishing as the foundation of sustainable performance. The paper outlines the theoretical foundations of Theory Alpha, reviews empirical evidence from both Global North and South contexts, and identifies practical implications for policy and organizational strategy. It concludes that integrating this framework into research and practice can strengthen both individual development and institutional resilience. In doing so, Theory Alpha offers a holistic model that links personal wellbeing with collective organizational success. Keywords: Employee motivation, organizational psychology, Theory Alpha, wellbeing, purpose, autonomy, workplace dynamics, cross-cultural management, human-centered leadership
Copyright (c) 2025 Interdisciplinary Journal of the African Alliance for Research, Advocacy and Innovation
Occupational Mental Health and Organizational Development: A Global South Perspective
Occupational mental health remains an underexplored aspect of organizational development in the Global South. In many workplaces, stigma, scarce resources, weak enforcement of labor standards, and the realities of informal employment continue to limit progress. This paper examines how employee wellbeing connects to organizational performance and long-term sustainability, and it argues that mental health should be treated as a form of organizational capital rather than a secondary concern. Evidence from Africa and Asia is compared with established models such as the United Kingdom’s Health and Safety Executive standards and the World Health Organization’s Healthy Workplace framework. The discussion identifies major gaps in policy, workplace culture, and human resource practices. It also suggests that proactive, culturally sensitive, and sector-specific approaches are needed to improve engagement, creativity, and retention among employees. Practical recommendations include integrating mental health into human resource systems, creating supportive workplace cultures, and promoting policy interventions at both organizational and government levels. The paper calls for a shift in how organizational psychology and management studies in the Global South treat occupational mental health, proposing a research and practice agenda that positions wellbeing as a foundation for sustainable organizational development. Keywords: Occupational mental health, Global South, organizational development, employee wellbeing, human resource management, sustainable development
Human-Centric HR in the Age of AI: Why People Still Matter More Than Machines
As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes more integrated into human resource management, questions arise about whether machines could replace HR professionals. This paper argues that while AI can improve efficiency, automate repetitive tasks, and provide useful data insights, it cannot replace the human qualities that make HR effective. Skills such as empathy, emotional intelligence, cultural awareness, ethical decision-making, mentoring, and leadership development are central to building trust, motivation, and a positive workplace culture. Using examples from the Global South, including India, Ghana, and South Africa, and lessons from the Global North, the paper shows that organizations achieve stronger engagement, retention, and growth when they combine AI with human-centered practices. The paper concludes that the future of HR lies in a partnership between humans and AI, where technology enhances rather than replaces human judgment and relational skills. Keywords: Human Resource Management, Artificial Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence, Employee Engagement, Organizational Culture, Global South, Human-AI Collaboration, Leadership Development
Predictive Modelling of ART Non-Adherence: Interactions of Patient, Health System, and Socio-Cultural Determinants in Rural and Urban Settings of Ghana’s Western Region
Background: Achieving sustained adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is critical for viral suppression and HIV epidemic control. In Ghana’s Western Region, rural–urban disparities in healthcare access, socio-cultural norms, and economic opportunities may differentially influence adherence. Objective: To apply predictive modelling to identify patient, health system, and socio-cultural determinants of ART non-adherence in rural and urban settings of Ghana’s Western Region. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and August 2023 among 620 people living with HIV (320 rural, 300 urban) who had been on ART for at least six months. Data were collected through structured interviews and verified with pharmacy refill records. Independent variables included socio-demographics, travel time to clinic, stigma, disclosure status, appointment attendance, and provider communication. Binary logistic regression identified predictors of non-adherence (adherence <95%), with separate rural and urban analyses. Model performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results: Overall non-adherence prevalence was 19.1%, higher in rural settings (23.7%) than urban settings (14.0%). Significant predictors of non-adherence included stigma (AOR 2.54, p < 0.001), missed clinic appointments (AOR 2.87, p < 0.001), travel time >60 minutes (AOR 2.26, p = 0.001), low education (AOR 1.95, p = 0.006), poor provider communication (AOR 1.74, p = 0.023), younger age (AOR 1.78, p = 0.015), and non-disclosure of HIV status (AOR 1.69, p = 0.031). The final model demonstrated good discrimination (AUC = 0.82). Conclusion: ART non-adherence in Ghana’s Western Region is driven by a combination of structural and behavioural factors, with distinct rural–urban dynamics. Integrating predictive modelling into programme monitoring could enable early identification of high-risk patients, while geographically tailored interventions—such as decentralized ART delivery in rural areas, stigma reduction campaigns, and enhanced patient–provider communication—may improve adherence outcomes. Keywords: ART adherence, predictive modelling, HIV, stigma, rural–urban disparities
Integrating the Health Belief Model into HIV Care: A Case Study of ART Adherence in Wassa Amenfi West
Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence is critical for viral suppression, reduced HIV transmission, and improved quality of life. In rural Ghana, socio-economic challenges and behavioural factors threaten optimal adherence. The Health Belief Model (HBM) provides a framework to understand and address these behavioural determinants. Objective: To examine the association between HBM constructs—perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy—and ART adherence among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Wassa Amenfi West Municipality, Ghana. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 602 PLHIV aged ≥18 years who had been on ART for at least six months. Participants were selected through systematic random sampling from ART clinic registers. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire guided by HBM constructs, with adherence assessed via self-report and pharmacy refill verification. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used to examine associations between HBM constructs and adherence, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Optimal adherence was significantly associated with high perceived susceptibility (χ² = 16.82, p < 0.001), high perceived severity (χ² = 10.95, p = 0.001), high perceived benefits (χ² = 22.14, p < 0.001), low perceived barriers (χ² = 18.47, p < 0.001), presence of cues to action (χ² = 15.68, p < 0.001), and high self-efficacy (χ² = 17.92, p < 0.001). Participants with high benefit perception and strong self-efficacy had the highest adherence rates. Conclusion: The findings highlight the utility of the HBM in predicting ART adherence and designing theory-driven interventions in rural Ghana. Addressing barriers, reinforcing benefits, enhancing self-efficacy, and providing consistent cues to action should be prioritised in adherence programs. Integrating HBM-informed strategies into both clinic-based counselling and community outreach can strengthen ART outcomes in resource-limited settings. Keywords: Health Belief Model, ART adherence, HIV, behavioural theory, rural Ghana, self-efficacy, cues to action.
Socio-Educational Demographics and Variations in Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Mathematics Education Teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Ghana
Abstract This study investigated the influence of socio-educational demographics on the pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) of mathematics education teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKTUTAS), Ghana. Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 98 undergraduate and postgraduate mathematics education students through a structured questionnaire. The study examined differences in PCK levels across gender, age, and educational level, focusing on both generic and topic-specific dimensions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-tests, and chi-square tests of association. The findings revealed no statistically significant differences in PCK across gender, age, or educational level, indicating that challenges in pedagogical development were widespread among teacher trainees. These results suggest that pedagogical weaknesses are systemic rather than demographic-specific. The study concludes that teacher education programs should adopt holistic interventions that strengthen PCK across all trainee groups. Policy implications highlight the importance of curriculum reforms and nationwide professional development programs that target the enhancement of pedagogical knowledge in mathematics education. Keywords: pedagogical content knowledge, demographics, mathematics education, teacher education, Ghana
Interactions among Components of Generic Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Mathematics Education Teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Ghana
Abstract This study explored the interaction between components of generic pedagogical content knowledge (GPCK) among mathematics education teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKTUTAS), Ghana. A descriptive survey design was adopted, and data were collected from 98 undergraduate and postgraduate mathematics education students through a structured questionnaire. The instrument measured two GPCK dimensions: knowledge of students’ understanding and knowledge of instructional practices. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation tests with SPSS version 25. Findings indicated a significant positive correlation between the two GPCK components, suggesting that teachers who had greater awareness of students’ mathematical thinking also demonstrated stronger instructional practices. The results reinforce the interconnected nature of GPCK, showing that improvement in one area can enhance the other. The study recommends that teacher education programs integrate student cognition and instructional practices in a unified approach to better prepare mathematics teachers. Policy implications include the need for structured professional development that emphasizes the alignment of instructional strategies with students’ learning processes. Keywords: pedagogical content knowledge, generic PCK, mathematics education, instructional practices, student understanding, Ghana
Examining the Generic Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Mathematics Education Teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Ghana
Abstract The study examined the generic pedagogical content knowledge (GPCK) of mathematics education teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKTUTAS). Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 98 undergraduate and postgraduate mathematics education students through a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were employed to assess participants’ levels of GPCK, while correlation and independent t-tests were used to analyze relationships and demographic variations. The results showed that teachers demonstrated moderate knowledge of students’ understanding but low knowledge of instructional practices. A significant positive correlation was found between the two components of GPCK, indicating their interdependent nature. No significant differences in GPCK were observed across gender or educational level. These findings suggest that weaknesses in pedagogical knowledge are widespread and not tied to demographic factors. The study recommends that teacher education programs integrate more practice-based learning to strengthen instructional skills. Policy initiatives by the Ministry of Education and the Ghana Education Service should prioritize professional development programs that enhance teachers’ instructional competence. Limitations of the study include its reliance on self-reported data from a single university, suggesting the need for larger and mixed-methods studies. The study contributes to the discourse on mathematics teacher preparation and provides evidence to guide reforms in mathematics education in Ghana. Keywords: pedagogical content knowledge, mathematics education, teacher education, instructional practices, student understanding
Embedding Trauma-Informed Care into Healthcare Leadership: A Paradigm Shift in Organizational Culture and Patient Outcomes
Background: The integration of trauma-informed care (TIC) principles into healthcare leadership represents a transformative approach that addresses the pervasive impact of trauma on both patients and healthcare providers. In the Indian healthcare context, where diverse socioeconomic challenges and cultural complexities intersect with healthcare delivery, implementing TIC through leadership initiatives becomes critically important for improving organizational culture and patient outcomes. Objective: This study examines the implementation of trauma-informed care principles within healthcare leadership frameworks in Indian healthcare institutions, analyzing the organizational cultural transformation and subsequent impact on patient outcomes, staff wellbeing, and institutional performance. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was employed, including a systematic review of literature (2015-2024), cross-sectional surveys of 847 healthcare professionals across 12 major Indian hospitals, in-depth interviews with 45 healthcare leaders, and analysis of patient outcome data from institutions implementing TIC principles. The study utilized validated instruments including the Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL-5), Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI), and Patient Satisfaction Survey adapted for Indian healthcare contexts. Results: Implementation of trauma-informed leadership practices resulted in significant improvements in organizational culture metrics (p < 0.001), with clan culture scores increasing by 34.2% and hierarchical culture decreasing by 28.5%. Patient satisfaction scores improved by 27.8% (95% CI: 24.1-31.5), readmission rates decreased by 15.3% (p < 0.05), and staff turnover reduced by 22.7%. Healthcare providers reported 31% reduction in secondary traumatic stress and 26% improvement in compassion satisfaction scores. Conclusion: The systematic integration of trauma-informed care principles into healthcare leadership creates a paradigm shift that enhances organizational culture, improves patient outcomes, and promotes staff wellbeing. The Indian healthcare context presents unique opportunities and challenges for TIC implementation, requiring culturally adapted leadership approaches that acknowledge historical trauma, social determinants, and organizational hierarchies. Keywords: Trauma-informed care, healthcare leadership, organizational culture, patient outcomes, India, healthcare transformation, secondary trauma, compassion fatigue
Preventive Practices and Misconceptions About Malnutrition Among Mothers in Rural Ghana: A Case Study from Asankrangwa Catholic Hospital
Malnutrition remains a major health concern in rural Ghana despite numerous national nutrition initiatives. This study explored mothers’ preventive practices and common misconceptions regarding child malnutrition in Asankrangwa Catholic Hospital. A total of 205 mothers with children under five were surveyed using structured questionnaires. Results showed that while most mothers had heard about exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding, fewer than half practiced them consistently. Awareness of dietary diversity and hygiene practices was also moderate, yet actual adherence remained low. Misconceptions such as attributing malnutrition to spiritual attacks, teething, or witchcraft were common, especially among mothers with no formal education. Cross-tabulation analysis revealed that maternal education significantly influenced both preventive practices and belief in myths. The study highlights the need for health education strategies that are both practical and culturally appropriate to close the gap between knowledge and behavior in preventing child malnutrition. Keywords: malnutrition prevention, maternal practices, misconceptions, exclusive breastfeeding, rural Ghana, dietary diversity, child health
Prevalence and Predictors of Trauma-Related Mental Health Outcomes Among Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons in Africa During Conflict and Crisis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Background: Refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Africa are frequently exposed to armed conflict, violence, and displacement-related trauma, placing them at heightened risk of mental health disorders. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of trauma-related mental health outcomes among refugees and IDPs in African conflict and crisis settings. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, African Journals Online (AJOL), and the UNHCR digital library, including grey literature, for studies published between January 2000 and July 2025. Eligible studies reported prevalence rates of PTSD, depression, anxiety, or psychological distress using validated instruments among African refugee or IDP populations. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to calculate pooled prevalence estimates. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic, and publication bias was evaluated through funnel plot analysis. Results: Out of 3,365 identified records, 40 studies met inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis, and 35 were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence estimates were 37.8% (95% CI: 32.5–43.2%) for PTSD, 32.1% (95% CI: 27.0–37.8%) for depression, and 30.4% (95% CI: 25.3–36.1%) for anxiety. Subgroup analysis indicated higher prevalence among IDPs compared to refugees and among studies conducted in East and Central Africa. Significant heterogeneity was observed across studies (I² > 90%). Conclusions: The findings reveal alarmingly high levels of trauma-related mental health conditions among refugees and IDPs in Africa, with considerable regional and population-based variations. These results underscore the urgent need for culturally adapted, trauma-informed mental health interventions in conflict-affected African settings. Keywords: Refugees, Internally Displaced Persons, PTSD, Depression, Anxiety, Mental Health, Africa, Conflict, Crisis, Meta-analysis, Systematic Review
Economic Impact of Digitalization on SME Internationalization
Rapid advances in digital technology are fundamentally changing the way small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) imagine and pursue opportunities overseas. This study assesses the economic impact of this transformation by balancing the advantages and hazards that online tools now present to firms ready to look beyond national markets. A systematic literature review, supplemented with field evidence, identifies factors such as infrastructure quality, managerial outlook, and external alliances that determine the depth and success with which SMEs integrate digital practices into their cross-border plans. The analysis showed that broader market access, faster supply chains, and data-informed choices often follow digital adoption. However, many companies remain hindered by cyber risk, skill shortages, and intensified global competition. Given these mixed results, this study offers actionable recommendations for policymakers and business leaders seeking to leverage digital capabilities to sustain international growth. Keywords: Digitalization, SMEs, internationalization, Economic Impact, E-commerce
Age, Experience, and Professional Category Differences in Stress, Coping, and Wellbeing: A Multigroup ANOVA and Interaction Analysis
Background: The psychological wellbeing of nurses and midwives is increasingly threatened by occupational stress. However, limited attention has been given to how demographic characteristics such as age, years of service, and professional category influence their experience of stress, coping strategies, and overall wellbeing, especially in sub-Saharan African contexts. Objective: This study investigated group differences and interaction effects of age, professional experience, and professional category on occupational stress, coping strategies, and psychological wellbeing among nurses and midwives in Catholic health facilities in Ghana. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study design was used. Data were collected from 287 nurses and midwives selected through stratified sampling across four hospitals. Standardized scales were used to measure occupational stress, coping strategies, and psychological wellbeing. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and post hoc ANOVAs were conducted to assess main and interaction effects of demographic variables on the three psychological outcomes. Results: Significant multivariate effects were observed for age, years of service, and professional category (p < .01). Younger respondents reported significantly higher stress levels and lower coping and wellbeing scores compared to older groups. Midwives reported better psychological wellbeing than nurses (F = 7.534, p = .007), while coping improved with years of service (F = 4.167, p = .006). Significant interaction effects were found between age and professional category on wellbeing, and between years of service and category on coping. Conclusion: Demographic factors substantially influence how nurses and midwives experience and respond to occupational stress. Younger, less experienced nurses are more vulnerable to poor psychological outcomes. These findings support the need for tailored mental health interventions and workforce policies that consider demographic-specific risks and protective factors to enhance resilience and wellbeing within the healthcare sector. Keywords: Occupational stress, Coping strategies, Psychological wellbeing, Age, Years of service, Workforce mental health
The Role of Indian Higher Education in Africa’s Knowledge Economy: A Critical Appraisal
Africa’s transition toward a knowledge-based economy is gaining momentum, driven by demographic growth, expanding digital infrastructure, and a continental push for education-led development. However, challenges such as limited higher education capacity, skill mismatches, and uneven research output persist. In this evolving landscape, India has positioned itself as a key partner through its education diplomacy, offering scholarships, digital learning platforms, and institutional collaborations with African universities. This paper critically examines the scope and impact of India’s engagement in African higher education, particularly in the areas of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) and management education. While India’s initiatives are anchored in principles of South–South cooperation and provide valuable support for capacity building, several gaps remain in terms of outreach, visibility, and long-term academic partnerships. A comparative lens reveals that countries like China and Brazil have leveraged more structured and high-profile strategies to consolidate their educational footprint in Africa. The analysis suggests that although India’s contributions are significant, they remain under-leveraged in realizing broader strategic and developmental outcomes. Strengthening institutional coordination, expanding scalable models, and enhancing post-study engagement will be critical for India to fully align its educational outreach with Africa’s knowledge economy aspirations. Keywords: Knowledge Economy, India–Africa Relations, Education Diplomacy, Higher Education Cooperation, South–South Collaboration, STEM Education in Africa.
Awareness and Recognition of the Signs and Symptoms of Malnutrition Among Mothers of Under-Five Children: Evidence from Western Ghana
Early recognition of malnutrition in children is critical to preventing severe health outcomes, yet evidence suggests that many caregivers in low-resource settings are unable to identify its signs and symptoms. This study explored the level of awareness among mothers regarding the physical and behavioral indicators of malnutrition among under-five children at Asankrangwa Catholic Hospital in Western Ghana. Using a descriptive cross-sectional design, 205 mothers were surveyed through structured questionnaires. The results showed high awareness of weight loss (87.8%) and recurrent diarrhea (70.7%) as symptoms, but low recognition of other key signs such as stunted growth (47.3%), sunken eyes (37.1%), and edema (4.9%). Behavioral signs such as lethargy, irritability, and developmental delays were also poorly recognized. The findings highlight significant gaps in maternal knowledge that may delay early diagnosis and intervention. Strengthening community health education to include symptom recognition alongside feeding practices is essential to improve early care-seeking and reduce childhood malnutrition in rural Ghana. Keywords: malnutrition, maternal awareness, under-five children, symptom recognition, child health, Ghana, rural healthcare
The Role of Mental Health Legislation and Governance in Program Delivery: An Analysis of Ghana’s Mental Health Act 846 (2012)
Mental health legislation plays a critical role in shaping equitable and rights-based service delivery, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. In 2012, Ghana passed the Mental Health Act (Act 846) to decentralize care, protect the rights of persons with mental health conditions, and integrate mental health into general health services. This study examines the extent to which the Act has influenced mental health program delivery in Ghana, using qualitative data from 20 key stakeholders across the Western Region and national-level institutions. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and document review and analyzed thematically. The findings reveal that although awareness of the Act exists among stakeholders, its implementation has been hindered by weak institutional coordination, inadequate funding, limited decentralization, and absence of a Legislative Instrument. Rights-based provisions and regulation of traditional healing practices remain largely unimplemented. The study concludes that Ghana’s mental health legislation, while progressive on paper, requires targeted governance reforms, operational clarity, and sustained political will to translate policy into practice. It calls for immediate passage of the supporting Legislative Instrument, improved inter-agency coordination, and culturally grounded stakeholder engagement to ensure full realization of the Act’s goals. Keywords: Mental Health Act, Governance, Policy Implementation, Mental Health Services, Ghana
Understanding Teacher Stress in Rural Ghana: A Study of the Causes and Manifestations Among Basic School Teachers in the Asikuma Odoben Brakwa District
Abstract This study explored the causes and manifestations of teacher stress among basic school teachers in the Asikuma Odoben Brakwa District, a rural setting in Ghana’s Central Region. Using a cross-sectional mixed-methods approach, the research collected quantitative data from 237 teachers through structured questionnaires and qualitative data from six purposively selected teachers via in-depth interviews. The findings revealed that major sources of stress included lack of teaching and learning materials, student indiscipline, large class sizes, inadequate administrative support, and poorly defined discipline policies. Manifestations of stress were observed in the form of fatigue, headaches, emotional exhaustion, irritability, and reduced motivation. The qualitative narratives further highlighted how institutional conditions, rather than personal limitations, were the main stress triggers. The study concludes that teacher stress in rural Ghana is systemic and widespread, driven by work-related pressures and environmental constraints. It recommends targeted interventions such as improved resource provision, administrative responsiveness, and teacher wellness programmes to mitigate stress and enhance teacher well-being. Keywords: teacher stress, rural education, basic schools, stress causes, stress symptoms, Ghana
Trauma and Emotional Disturbance Among Women in Africa: A Systematic Review of Prevalence, Manifestation, and Intervention Outcomes
Background: Trauma-related emotional disturbances, including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are increasingly recognized as major public health concerns among African women, especially in conflict-affected and socio-culturally vulnerable regions. Objective: This systematic review examines the prevalence, manifestations, and outcomes of interventions targeting emotional disturbances among African women affected by trauma. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted, focusing on studies from countries such as Nigeria, Rwanda, Kenya, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Somalia. The review synthesizes findings on trauma-related symptoms, gender-specific vulnerabilities, and the efficacy of interventions across diverse African settings. Results: Findings reveal a high prevalence of internalized emotional disturbances, particularly among women exposed to gender-based violence, conflict-related trauma, and displacement. Cultural and spiritual factors—such as heritage, communal belonging, and traditional healing—emerged as vital mediators in the trauma recovery process. Urban-rural disparities were evident: rural women had limited access to formal mental health services and often relied on informal support systems, while urban women faced challenges such as social isolation and economic stress. Culturally incongruent interventions and lack of community support hindered recovery in both settings. Conclusion: The review underscores the need for gender-sensitive, culturally grounded, and community-based trauma interventions for African women. Integrating traditional healing practices with modern therapies and reforming mental health policies to accommodate diverse cultural contexts are essential for effective recovery. Keywords: Trauma, Emotional Disturbance, African Women, PTSD, Gender-Based Violence, Traditional Healing, Mental Health, Cultural Resilience
Prevalence and Hematological Profile of Beta Thalassemia Trait in an Urban Indian Population: A Cross-Sectional Study from Chandigarh
Background: Beta Thalassemia Trait (BTT) is a prevalent inherited hemoglobin disorder in India, often undetected due to its asymptomatic presentation. Understanding its distribution and hematological profile in urban populations is essential for effective screening and prevention strategies. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and hematological characteristics of Beta Thalassemia Trait among patients in Chandigarh, a North Indian urban center, using a comprehensive diagnostic protocol. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 patients referred for anemia evaluation. Complete blood count (CBC), peripheral blood smear (PBS), serum ferritin, and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) were used for diagnosis. Individuals with elevated HbA₂ levels (>3.5%) and normal ferritin were identified as BTT carriers. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze demographic and hematological data. Results: Out of 500 screened individuals, 50 (10%) were diagnosed with BTT. The majority were females (70%), particularly in the 26–34 age group. Most were asymptomatic, though some reported fatigue or reproductive challenges. Hematologically, carriers showed reduced hemoglobin (mean: 9.5 g/dL), low MCV and MCH, normal ferritin, and PBS findings of microcytosis, hypochromia, and target cells. HPLC confirmed elevated HbA₂ (mean: 5.5%) and mild HbF elevation in select cases. Conclusion: The study reveals a significant prevalence of Beta Thalassemia Trait in Chandigarh, particularly among women of reproductive age. Routine screening, especially during antenatal care, and integration of genetic counseling and partner testing are crucial for preventing the transmission of Beta Thalassemia Major. Findings support the expansion of urban thalassemia screening programs in India. Keywords: Beta Thalassemia Trait, Hemoglobinopathy, Prevalence, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Genetic Counseling
Healthcare Management Practices and Their Influence on Staff Motivation in Faith-Based Hospitals in Western Ghana: A Case Study of Holy Child Catholic Hospital and Father Thomas Alan Rooney Memorial Hospital, Asankrangwa
Background: Motivating healthcare workers is essential for ensuring quality service delivery, especially in faith-based institutions operating in resource-limited environments. This study examined how healthcare management practices influence staff motivation in two Catholic hospitals in the Western Region of Ghana: Holy Child Catholic Hospital in Fijai and Father Thomas Alan Rooney Memorial Hospital in Asankrangwa. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was employed, involving 234 health workers selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, including means and standard deviations. Perceptions of healthcare management practices and staff motivation levels were assessed using a 4-point Likert scale, with a mean score above 2.50 considered positive. Results: The findings revealed that respondents generally perceived healthcare management practices as effective, particularly in areas such as professional development (Mean = 2.82), leadership support (Mean = 2.71), and communication (Mean = 2.70). Staff motivation was also found to be high, driven primarily by opportunities for personal growth (Mean = 2.73), job security (Mean = 2.71), and recognition (Mean = 2.64). However, financial rewards received relatively lower scores, indicating the importance of intrinsic and relational motivators in these settings. Conclusion: Effective healthcare management practices significantly influence staff motivation in Catholic hospitals. Strengthening leadership engagement, professional development opportunities, and fair appraisal systems can enhance worker morale and commitment. In resource-constrained environments, non-financial motivators offer a practical and sustainable approach to improving staff performance and retention.
The Afrikan Restorative Psychospiritual Model (ARPM): A Framework for Healing, Identity, and Cultural Revival
Abstract This article introduces the African Restorative Psychospiritual Model (ARPM), which is a historically solid and spiritually integrated framework that can be used for healing from trauma and healing for the community within African and diasporic settings. It is rooted in African epistemologies and postcolonial thinking. The ARPM develops as a response to the shortcomings of dominant Western trauma theories, which frequently ignore the importance of spirituality, heritage, and collective identity in healing. The ARPM is based on five interrelated pillars: ancestral memory, Ubuntu consciousness, spiritual grounding, narrative liberation, and cognitive decolonization. Each pillar represents a particular aspect of African resilience and provides pathways to restore dignity and identity as well as communal belonging. Based on psychology, African studies, and spiritual philosophy, this article explores the theoretical basis of ARPM, their comparative advantages, and practical applications. It also explores the systemic consequences of ARPM in clinical, educational, and policy contexts. The ARPM is ultimately a call to rethink the concept of trauma recovery, not simply as treatment for symptoms, but as a broader and spiritually anchored method that aims to liberate and reclaim the culture and intergenerational resilience. Keywords: African psychology, trauma‑informed care, decolonization, spirituality, communal healing, Ubuntu, Ancestral Memory
African psychology, trauma informed care, decolonization, spirituality, communal healing, Ubuntu, Ancestral Memory
Cultural Adaptations and Barriers to Implementing Trauma-Informed Care in Mental Health Recovery: A Comparative Study of Urban and Rural Ghana
Background: Trauma-informed care plays a key role in helping people with mental illnesses in places with few resources. It is challenging to use this approach in Ghana because of the country’s differences in culture and regions. The study aims to see how culture affects trauma-informed care in western Ghana and compares the challenges present in urban versus rural areas. Methods: The research combined both quantitative questionnaires and qualitative interviews to obtain detailed information. There were 200 participants, evenly divided into urban and rural areas, chosen randomly with stratification. The SPSS software was used to compute descriptive and inferential statistics for quantitative data, while the qualitative data was studied using thematic analysis. Results: Quantitative findings reveal a generally positive perception of trauma-informed care, with urban participants scoring slightly higher than rural ones. Key barriers identified include limited resources, lack of trained personnel, and cultural stigma, particularly in rural areas. Qualitative insights underscore the necessity of culturally sensitive approaches and highlight disparities in access to mental health resources between regions. Participants advocated for educational campaigns and infrastructure improvements to support trauma-informed practices. Conclusion: This research points out both the opportunities and the difficulties in applying trauma-informed care in Ghana. Successful strategies are designed to fit different cultures and make use of existing resources, helping to bridge the gap between city and rural places and boost mental health. In terms of policy, more funds should go to mental health services, professionals should be trained better, and public awareness should be increased. Working on these points can make mental health care more accessible and better quality in many parts of Ghana.
Trauma-Informed Care, Mental Health, Cultural Adaptation, Ghana, Urban-Rural Disparities, Mental Health Policy